Report on
Dug Wells implemented by DCH
2nd Phase
Drinking Water Supply through Pipelines at the Household Level for the Rural Community
By
Dhaka Community
Hospital
190/1 Baro MoghBazar,
Dhaka-1217
Tel: 9351190-91, 8314887
E-mail: dch@bangla.net
CONTENTS
1.1
Arsenic
Problem – Situation of
1.2 Hazards of Arsenic Intake
1.3
Arsenic
Mitigation Programme of DCH
1.4 Wilson Arsenic Mitigation Program
2.
Brief
Description of a Dug Well
2.1 Materials Required for Digging and Constructing a New Dug Well
2.2 Installation of Dug Well with Pipeline
2.3 Cost of Digging Dug Well with pipeline
2.4 Maintenance Procedure
2.5 Maintenance Cost
3.
Project
Implementation
3.1 Community mobilization
3.2 Committee formation
3.3 Training of community worker and caretaker
3.4 Site selection
3.5 Drawing of water supply network
3.6 Installation of dug well and pipe network
3.7 Community meeting
3.8 Monitoring
4.
Proposed 3rd
Phase of Mitigation Programme
5.
Discussion
6.
Recommendation
7.
Acknowledgements
Annexure
2 MAP of PABNA districy
Annexure
3 INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLATION
1. Introduction
Arsenic
contamination in
groundwater and its toxic effect on human health is a major public
health
problem in
All the tube wells in
1.2
Hazards of Arsenic Intake
Severe health effects
have been
observed in populations drinking arsenic-rich water over long periods
in
countries worldwide. The symptoms and
signs that
arsenic causes appear to differ between individuals, population groups
and
geographic areas. Arsenicosis ‑ the clinical syndrome
originating
from high dose arsenic poisoning ranges from spotted melanosis
(skin pigmentation) and keratosis (thickening of skin of palm/ foot) up
to
carcinoma. In
Long-term exposure to arsenic through drinking water causes cancer of the skin, lungs, urinary bladder, and kidney, as well as other skin changes such as pigmentation changes and thickening (hyperkeratosis) gangrene of limbs.
Arsenicosis patients suffer also socially and culturally. Youths are refused marriage, many women and some men have been divorced and children are often asked to leave school. It is also important to non that no proper case management a arsenicosis case for prevalence was been under taken by government, or non government agencies. DCH also with is limited resources trying to case for the arsenicosis patients.
1.3
Arsenic Mitigation Programme
of DCH
DCH has been involved
with the
arsenic problem since 1996 when DCH doctors working at an annual health
camp at
Pakshi, Pabna District first detected
patients
suffering symptoms of arsenicosis. DCH
lobbied extensively to establish this issue as a public health problem
and went
on to work with
1.4
Wilson Arsenic Mitigation
Program
For the last few years DCH has been implementing
on
arsenic mitigation programme with
financial
assistance obtained by Prof. Richard
Wilson, Department of Physics,
In this process approximately 100 arsenicosis patients are getting arsenic free safe water. These patients are getting regular checkup by experienced doctors and it appears that they are improving.
2. Brief
Description of Dug Well
Dug well is thousand
years old
technology of water supply in rural
2.1 Materials Required for Digging and
Constructing a New Dug Well
1. Spade, Crowbar etc.
2. Nylon rope
3. Bamboo pole
4. Cement ring
5. Sand and cement
6. Bricks or brickbats 
Figure 1: Materials required for digging and
constructing
dug well platform
2.2
Installation of Dug Well with Pipeline
As DCH has taken up the programme of dug well, a protocol for safety of dug well construction and keeping dug well water free from contamination was formulated. Later on this protocol was further strengthen by WHO protocol, which is now being followed (Annexure 3). March and April, driest months in the country, are considered the best time for digging wells. During this period, ground water remains at the lowest level.
A hole is dug about a diameter of 36 inches. The depth of each well varies from place to place. Cement or baked clay ring is set from bottom to top and joining of rings is cemented to keep the well water safe from contamination. An apron of about four feet is made around the head wall and a 30-40 feet drain is constructed at the ground level to avoid water logging around the head wall.
An electric pump machine pumps water from dug well to an overhead reservoir of 3000 L. Overhead tank is installed on an 15 feet tall iron stand. The stand is fixed on the ground with RCC work. A main water supply pipe (3 /4 '' plastic pipe) is connected with the tank for distribution of water to the household level. 1/2'' GI pipeline is connected with the mainline to supply water at the household. 40-50 households are connected with the supply line.
2.3 Cost
of Digging Dug Well with pipeline
Digging a well with
pipeline and
cementing its floor at the ground level would cost an amount of Tk 85,000/= to 90,000/= The
price
however, may differ from place to place.
Table 1:
Cost of dug well
|
Material |
Quantity
|
Price
in Tk |
Total
Tk |
1. Cement Ring |
42 |
500 |
21,000 |
|
2.
Brick |
800 |
4 |
3,200 |
|
3.
Sand |
100 cft |
20 |
2,000 |
|
4.
Cement |
5 bags |
400 |
2,000 |
|
5.
Brick bats |
20ft |
35 |
700 |
|
6. Labor charge for
earth digging |
42 ft |
250(per ft) |
10,500 |
|
7.
Cement Bats |
|
|
1,700 |
|
8.
Cover of well |
1 |
|
3,500 |
|
9.
Bucket & rope |
|
|
600 |
|
10.
Others |
|
|
500 |
|
Total
cost per dug well
= 45,700
|
|||
|
Material |
Quantity
|
Price
in Tk
|
Total
Tk
|
|
1.Water
tank |
1 (4000 L) |
10,000 |
10,000 |
|
2.Iron
stand |
4 |
1,500 |
6,000 |
|
3.Machine |
1 (1HP) |
6,000 |
6,000 |
|
4. Labour (Pipeline) |
3 |
3,000 |
3,000 |
|
5.Labour
(stand set ) |
4 |
600 |
600 |
|
6.Cover
|
1 |
1,000 |
1,000 |
|
7.
Tank transportation |
1 |
350 |
350 |
|
8.Cement |
3 bags |
400 |
1,200 |
|
9.Brick
bats |
7 cft |
35 |
245 |
|
10.Sand |
15 cft |
20 |
300 |
|
11.Coil
pipe |
700 ft |
10 |
7,000 |
|
12.1/2
T |
6 |
50 |
300 |
|
13. Elbow (1/2 ) |
10 |
55 |
550 |
|
14.
|
8 |
65 |
520 |
|
15.jam
nut |
10 |
40 |
400 |
|
16.Nipple |
15 |
30 |
450 |
|
17.
T |
10 |
45 |
450 |
|
18.Tap |
8 |
100 |
800 |
|
19.Elbow
(1) |
12 |
25 |
300 |
|
20.GI
pipe ½ |
20 ft |
30 |
600 |
|
21.Brash
tap |
10 |
15 |
150 |
|
22.Haback |
250 gm |
|
10 |
|
23.Cheek
valve |
1 |
250 |
250 |
|
24.PVC |
4 |
25 |
100 |
|
25.Electric
wire |
25 m |
10 |
250 |
|
26.Plague
pin |
1 |
10 |
10 |
|
27.Transport |
|
|
300 |
|
Total cost of pipeline network
per dug well
= 41,135 |
|||
2. Cost of pipe
line installation per unit
Tk. 41,135.00
Grand total
Tk. 86,835.00 = $1,524 (US)
Table 3: List of 17 New Dug Wells with Pipeline Installed by
|
Dug well No |
Name of
Village |
Name of |
Name of upazilla |
Name of
District |
Unit Point |
Total Family |
Family covered |
Total
Population of village |
Population
covered by dug well |
|
1. |
Ruppur (Malitha
para) |
Pakshi |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
06 |
65 |
40 |
390 |
240 |
|
2. |
Ruppur (Biswaspara) |
Pakshi |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
06 |
75 |
37 |
450 |
222 |
|
3. |
Ruppur(Charabottala) |
Pakshi |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
08 |
68 |
53 |
408 |
318 |
|
4. |
Babulchara |
Awtapara |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
08 |
70 |
48 |
410 |
340 |
|
5. |
|
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
07 |
70 |
28 |
420 |
168 |
|
6. |
Gopalpur |
Kashinathpur |
Santhia |
Pabna |
06 |
52 |
20 |
312 |
120 |
|
7. |
Sayedpur(Dangapara)
dug well No- 1 |
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
05 |
65 |
25 |
455 |
125 |
|
8. |
Ahammedpur |
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
06 |
28 |
22 |
180 |
130 |
|
9. |
Koromja |
Koromja |
Bera |
Pabna |
06 |
35 |
28 |
280 |
140 |
|
10. |
Sayedpur(Ujanpar)dug
well No-1 |
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
06 |
40 |
30 |
221 |
115 |
|
11. |
Sayedpur(Dangapara)
dug well No- 2 |
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
06 |
70 |
35 |
400 |
125 |
|
12. |
Sayedpur(Ujanpar)dug
well No-2 |
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
08 |
47 |
32 |
282 |
192 |
|
13. |
Sayedpur(Ujanpar) dug well No-3 |
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
07 |
29 |
24 |
164 |
120 |
|
14. |
Sayedpur(Ujanpar) dug well No-4 |
Ahammedpur |
Sujanagor |
Pabna |
06 |
35 |
28 |
290 |
180 |
|
15 |
Arippur |
Municipality |
Pabna |
Pabna |
06 |
100 |
15 |
600 |
88 |
|
16 |
Bhabanipur |
Ruppur |
Bera |
Pabna |
06 |
154 |
27 |
616 |
150 |
|
17 |
Shagorkandi |
Masumdia |
Bera |
Pabna |
05 |
148 |
26 |
596 |
130 |
|
Total: Dug well 17 Total: Tap Point 108 Total: Family 1151 Total: Family coverage 518 Total: Population 6474 Total: Population coverage
2903 |
|||||||||
Cost of per unit dug well with pipeline =
Tk 86,835.00
Cost of 17 dug
wells with pipeline
= Tk ( 86,835.00x17)
= Tk 14,76,195
= $25,900
(US)
Hardly any expense is
required for
maintaining
dug well. Well have to be cleaned once in a
year and it may cost an amount of Tk 3000 to
4000. The best time for cleaning is the period
between March and April.
2Kg lime is thoroughly mixed with 35 L of
water and then it is poured in the well. The well
water is stirred and then kept unused for 3 to 4
days. After 3 days the well is unloaded. The
well is then filled with fresh water seeping from
the aquifer.
Figure 2: Maintenance
2.5 Maintenance Cost
|
Material |
Quantity |
Price |
Taka
|
|
Labor charge for cleaning |
3 person |
400 |
2,000 |
|
Potash |
100 gm |
|
30 |
|
Lime |
3 Kg |
10 |
30 |
|
Others |
|
|
1,000 |
|
Total
= 3,060
= $ 54.00 (US) |
|||
Major activities of this project were as following:
1. Community mobilization
2. Committee formation
3. Training of community worker and caretaker
4. Site selection
5. Drawing of water supply network
6. Installation of dug well and pipe network
7. Community meeting
8. Water quality monitoring
3.1 Community
mobilization
Various mobilization and motivational
activities such as courtyard meeting etc were
conducted to increase public awareness.
Several meetings were held in these villages
with the community. Local Government of
and influential local people were present in
meetings along with DCH personnel.
Community people including women, the
poor and arsenic patients shared their
situation, needs, opinions and preferences
about mitigation
options with
others.
3.2 Committee
formation
A committee
was formed for the supervision
of each
implementation. Each committee was
responsible to maintain
the option provided
to them. DCH and
the committees worked
together to plan
option installation and
maintenance. Committee
accepted responsibility
to collect
community contribution.
Committee decided the charges for water use
for each family. Caretaker collected money from
water users. Each family was provided with a
water
card for payment.
Figure 4:
Committee formation
.
Local
mistiris were selected for construction
and maintenance of the options. They were
trained on construction work options
by DCH trainers. DCH
trainers also trained caretakers
and users of options.
Sites of option were
selected in
highly contaminated areas. This was done after consultation with the
community.
Preference was given to the patient families and the poor. Sites
satisfied
guidelines provided for site selection.
3.5 Drawing of
water supply network
Drawing of pipeline network and dug well was
prepared. The
pipeline network ended at the household level.
Process of the installation
was discussed and
shared with the community. The
committee
supervised during installation period.
This
committee is responsible for maintenance.
Dug well sites were selected in environmental
friendly areas and in arsenic affected population.
Wells were protected from outside contamination.
Dug well water is stored in an overhead tank.
Water is supplied 2 or 3 times through pipeline
at the household level. Villagers paid monthly
fee for maintenance
of the
system.
Figure 5: Installation of Dug Well with Pipeline
3.7 Community
meeting
Meetings with the community
were held in
the project areas with the community. Local
GoB elected persons and
influential local
people were present in meetings
along with
DCH personnel. Community people
including women, the poor and arsenic
patients exchanged opinions and
identified
their needs.
Figure 6: Community meeting
3.8 Monitoring
Project
activities were monitored by DCH through observations, open interview
etc. DCH engineer monitored implementation activities. Clinical survey
of water
users was carried out per month.
The
arsenic level of the dug well water was tested once in DCH after
option installation. Bacterial count of dug well water was done at
three
monthly interval using either the DELAGUA or the Jaltara field
test kit.
4. Proposed 3rd
Phase of Mitigation
Programme
Drinking water supply from dug
well through
pipeline network is well received by the communities. This option
should be
replicated in other arsenic contaminated places. A plan for installing
100 new
dug wells with pipe network in contaminated areas is proposed here in Table – 4.
Table 4: Plan for installing 100 new dug wells with pipeline
(3rd
Phase of Mitigation Programme)
|
Sl |
Name of Village |
Name of |
Name of Upazilla |
Name of District |
Type of dug well |
Quantity |
Cost per dug well with pipeline (Taka) |
Total cost (Taka) |
|
|
1. |
Char Ruppur |
Pakshi |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
New |
05 |
86,835/= |
4,34175/= |
|
|
2. |
Billkanda |
Shahapur |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
3. |
Laksmikunda |
Shahapur |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
4. |
Babulchara |
Shahapur |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
5. |
Kolerkandi |
Selimpur |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
6. |
Shekherdari |
Selimpur |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
7. |
Baghoil |
Pakshi |
Ishwardi |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
8. |
Birahimpur |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
9. |
Ahmmadpur |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
10. |
Sayadpur |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
05 |
86,835/= |
4,34175/= |
|
|
11. |
Vatikaya |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
12. |
Shibrambari |
Kashinathpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
13. |
Shumashnari |
Koromja |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
14. |
Dariapur |
Kashinathpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
15. |
Khuddra gopalpur |
Kashinathpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
16. |
Punduria |
Koromja |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
17. |
Ujan kaya |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
18. |
Pagla |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
19. |
Chabbish maill |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
20 |
Goalkandi |
Shagorkandi |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
21 |
Raghurampur |
Kallanpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
22 |
Shagorkandi |
Shagorkandi |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
23 |
Shinduri |
Shagorkandi |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
24 |
Bisshanath pur |
Jatshakini |
Bera |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
25 |
|
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
26 |
Koromja |
Koromja |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
27 |
Akdarpur |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
28 |
Natun ruppur |
Pakshi |
Ishawardi |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
29 |
Mobarokpur |
Ahmmadpur |
Sujanagar |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
30 |
Arippur |
Municipality |
Municipality |
Pabna |
New |
02 |
86,835/= |
1,73635/= |
|
|
31 |
Mashumdia |
Mashumdia |
Bera |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
32 |
Oikhali |
Kallanpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
33 |
Kolagashi |
Kashinathpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
34 |
Balorampur |
Kallanpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
35 |
Kallanpur |
Kallanpur |
Shathia |
Pabna |
New |
03 |
86,835/= |
2,60505/= |
|
|
Total
village: 35 |
Total new dug well: 100 |
Total
= Tk 86,83,185.00
= $152,340 (US) |
|
||||||
|
Tk 57.00 = $152,340
(US) |
|
||||||||
5.
DISCUSSION
·
The project
successfully achieved its implementation targets of seventeen dug wells
and
pipe networks in Harvard project area in Pabna district, on time and
within
budget.
·
There was a
very positive community attitude to seeking alternative water options.
The
community supported the project and project personnel throughout the
implementation period.
·
Each
committee
decided on a contribution of 20 Tk. per
household per
month from the community and the caretakers are collecting this. The
money is
used for maintenance and electricity charges for the pump.
·
Each
committee
has taken responsibility for maintaining the option.
·
The water
column in dug wells at the driest period was 6 to 8 feet. This amount
is
sufficient to serve the communities.
6.
RECOMMENDATIONS
· A dug well with pipeline network to the household level is readily acceptable by the community as an alternative to tube wells. A similar implementation programme can be extended to other arsenic contaminated areas. A 3rd phase of this programme is proposed (Page - 9).
· Community involvement significantly enhances project sustainability through promoting the concept of community ownership of options. This encourages a positive attitude towards community contribution for the option.
·
Economic contribution should
be equitable.
Community involvement also guarantees equitable community contribution.
·
Water option should be
provided free of cost for
the hardcore poor.
·
Some flexibility in project
timing is required to
take into account any political/institutional instability and the
consequent
delays this causes.
·
If possible these projects
should be timetabled so
that dug well installation commences in the dry season thus assisting
implementation.
·
Patient management is also an
important as part in
mitigation activity needs to be address properly.
·
8.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work was supported by charitable donations
from several
sources, and in particular the OPEC fund of
Annexure
2 MAP of PABNA districy
Annexure
3 INSTRUCTIONS FOR INSTALLATION
